星期二, 1月 28, 2014

創世記創造敘述的近東背景(四)

接著過去三篇文章(),略述《近東開闢史詩》之內容,讓我們了解創世記的近東背景。上一章故事發展到馬獨克(Marduk)打敗了徹墨(Tiamat),成為群神之首,開始創立世界:

IV.137彼乃剖裂之若蚌蠣之甲,分為兩半,
IV.138其一立之以為蒼穹,
IV.139設閘遣戍卒堅守自固,
IV.140復令毋許其因水而潛逃。
IV.141彼遂跨越諸天而俯瞰餘域。
IV.142當至尊丈量潝虛所擁土地之廣袤時,

IV.137 He split her into two like a dried fish:
IV.138 One half of her he set up and stretched out as the heavens.
IV.139 He stretched the skin and appointed a watch
IV.140 With the instruction not to let her waters escape.
IV.141 He crossed over the heavens, surveyed the celestial parts,
IV.142 And adjusted them to match the Apsu, Nudimmud’s abode.

馬獨克(Marduk)把徹墨(Tiamat)分開,好像將曬乾了的魚(dried fish或饒譯蚌蠣)分成兩半,一上一下,上半成為穹蒼,下半做為地,在地上立眾神所居之廟宇。接著,他又在天上設立眾星,太陽和月亮,也是眾天神之位:

V.1彼為巨神,置其躔次兮。
V.2列宿以陳,羅星象兮。
V.3歷離其閾,以成歲兮。
V.4依十二月,為三天兮。
V.5狀以天形,年日以敍。
V.6建之以泥畢烏(太歲)(Neberu ),以正晷度;
V.7毋或違之,或傾側之。
V.8分其畛域,恩立、閼亞。
V.9啟其天門,別以兩極;
V.10探扃為固,在其左右。
V.11於其臍中,以立天極。
V.12生月之輝,夜以寄焉。

V.1 He fashioned heavenly stations for the great gods,
V.2 And set up constellations, the patterns of the stars.
V.3 He appointed the year, marked off divisions,
V.4 And set up three stars each for the twelve months.
V.5 After he had organized the year,
V.6 He established the heavenly station of Neberu  to fix the stars’ intervals.
V.7 That none should transgress or be slothful
V.8 He fixed the heavenly stations of Enlil and Ea with it.
V.9 Gates he opened on both sides.
V.10 And put strong bolts at the left and the right.
V.11 He placed the heights (of heaven) in her (Tiamat’s) belly,
V.12 He created Nannar, entrusting to him the night.

太陽、月亮和星宿的目的,是維持日月年,使月曆和時節循環不息。然後,又用徹墨(Tiamat)的屍骸作成各個水泉,又用她雙眼做出兩大河「幼發拉底河」(Euphrates) 和「底格里斯河」(Tigris),又使她雙乳成為高山。

V.55自其雙眼,決為歐霏域(Euphrates)與泰姬維(Tigris)兩河。
V.57就其兩乳,以起崇山。

V.55 From her two eyes he let the Euphrates and Tigris flow,
V.57 He heaped up the distant [mountains] on her beasts,

馬獨克(Marduk)又俘虜聯同徹墨(Tiamat)一同叛亂之神明,使他們成為奴隸,作各種的苦工,如挖水道和耕種,奉養得勝神靈的需要。但是,因為神明奴役甚苦,他們便哀求馬獨克(Marduk)。

創造人類
至尊之主便想出妙計,造出人類來為群神解去勞役之痛,使眾神得以安息:

VI.5「余將搏其血而構其骨兮,
VI.6余將置此僕豎而名之日人。
VI.7余誓將造此野蠻人,
VI.8俾其從容而服役于諸神。

VI.5 “I will bring together blood and form bone, 
VI.6 I will bring into being Lullu, whose name shall be ‘man’,
VI.7 I will create Lullu-man
VI.8 On whom the toil of the gods will be laid that they may rest.

創造人類的方法,是將叛徒之首金固拉出來,把他處決,用他的血做出人來。馬獨克(Marduk)說:

VI.25「當交出其渠魁,
VI.26予將使彼負罪,汝等可安然無事。」

VI.25 Let him who instigated warfare be given up
VI.26 That I may lay his punishment on him; but you sit and rest.”

眾神回答說:
VI.29「是由金固倡首,
VI.30而使徹墨叛而參與大戰。」
VI.31彼等乃拘繫之,執之關亞之前。
VI.32加之以罪而敵其血焉。
VI.33以其餘瀝,塑造人類。
VI.34(閼亞)即使之服役,遂遣去諸神。

VI.29 “Qingu is the one who instigated warfare,
VI.30 Who made Tiamat rebel and set battle in motion.”
VI.31 They bound him, holding him before Ea,
VI.32 They inflicted the penalty on him and severed his blood-vessels.
VI.33 From his blood he (Ea) created mankind,
VI.34 On whom he imposed the service of the gods, and set the gods free.


遊行的獅子(Striding Lion)釉磚(glazed brick)
出土自巴比倫遊行大道(Processional Way)牆壁
新巴比倫時期,尼布甲尼撒二世
(公元前604-562年)
芝加哥近東博物館

之後,馬獨克(Marduk)分配各群神之位份,三百在天,三百在地,一共六百諸神(VI.41-44)。群神為報馬獨克(Marduk)之恩,便為他建立巴比倫和城中的大廟(Esagila):

VI.55馬獨克聞言,
VI.56欣容如日之升,光芒煥發,日:
VI.57「可建巴比侖,如君等所請。
VI.58施以磚石,并名之日『聖殿』。」

VI.55 When Marduk heard this,
VI.56 He beamed as brightly as the light of day,
VI.57 “Build Babylon, the task you have sought.
VI.58 Let bricks for it be moulded, and raise the shrine!”

此後,群神在天庭雲集,冠以馬獨克(Marduk)五十嘉名(VI.123-VII.144),並頌揚馬獨克,最後史詩訓勉各人熟記他的五十神名:

VII.143以此五十嘉名,諸神
VII.144遂讚頌之:厥名為五十,所以建其至尊之地位也。
VII.145汝其識之,俾汝有司,共訓誨之。
VII.146聖與智者,共討論之。
VII.147為父者誦之,以詔其子。
VII.148牧人虞人(畜牧者),共提其耳。
VII.149以娛其神,恩立、馬獨克。
VII.150俾饒益其地,既富且庶。
VII.151定其法則,厥命不渝。

VII.143 With the word “Fifty” the great gods
VII.144 Called his fifty names and assigned him an outstanding position.
VII.145 They should be remembered; a leading figure should expound them,
VII.146 The wise and learned should confer about them,
VII.147 A father should repeat them and teach them to his son,
VII.148 One should explain them to shepherd and herdsman.
VII.149 If one is not negligent to Marduk, the Enlil of the gods,
VII.150 May one’s land flourish, and oneself prosper,
VII.151 (For) his word is reliable, his command unchanged.

小結
說回第一篇文章開首時的目的,我說要掌握創世記創世敘述的主旨,讀者要先了解近東的背景。除了希伯來文聖經有創世敘述(creation account)之外,許多其他近東的文獻,都有其對創世和宇宙的理解。

《近東開闢史詩》(Enuma Elish)是古近東一首家喻戶曉的史詩,我用了四篇短文簡述《近東開闢史詩》,雖然感到有點沉悶,但是許多時我們只能從創世記的譯經書中聽聞史詩內容的一點點,卻沒有渠道去明白史詩大體的內容和脈絡。所以,我認為由頭到尾去簡述這近東神話是有必要的,事實上,《近東開闢史詩》表達著古近東的「典型宇宙觀」(standard cosmology),包含了古近東宇宙論的主要原素[1]。理解了它的內容,必能幫助我們解釋創世記的敘述,希伯來聖經的宇宙觀。

在此又作一小結語,我們許多時稱《近東開闢史詩》為「創世史詩」(Epic of Creation)其實是有點誤導成份的,因為史詩的主題是環繞著巴比倫主神馬獨克(Marduk),要為馬獨克作辯護,說明他為何是群神之中的至高者,再而為巴比倫作政治的辯護,說明為什麼巴比倫擁有統治其他城市之權,其他內容只屬次要。

所以,按內容來說,史詩實質上是「馬獨克之頌詩」(The Exaltation of Marduk) [2]。馬獨克之所以創造世界,是因為要處置敗仗徹墨的殘骸而已,可說創立世界只是事後的東西(after thought),創造人類也更是如此。這與創世記一章創世的敘述有何等大的對比。

有了近東創世敘述作背景,下一步我們要作的,就是詮釋創世記一二章時,以近東的神話作比對來詮釋經文,方能更明白經文的神學意思。

以後筆者會嘗試以近東創世神話為背景,去閱讀創世記一章等經文,讀者不訪重溫之前幾篇文章有關《近東開會史詩》的內容()

備註:
[1] Richard J. Clifford. 1994. Creation Accounts in the Ancient Near East and in the Bible. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America, p. 82.

[2] Benjamin Foster, “Epic of Creation (1.111) (Enuma Elish),” in William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, The Context of Scripture, Volume One: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (Leiden;  New York: Brill, 1997–), 391.

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